Airspace Classes in Canada for Drone Pilots

Jul 1

Happy Canada Day! Since today is the big day our country is turning 156, I wanted to write an article about Airspace Classes in Canada for Drone Pilots.

*When planning any drone operation in Canada, it is of utmost importance for drone pilots to consult NAV CANADA's Drone Flight Planning and NOTAMs to access accurate and up-to-date information. This includes obtaining the necessary authorizations when operating in controlled airspace. Taking full responsibility for utilizing these resources, drone pilots play a crucial role in maintaining flight safety. By remaining informed and staying abreast of any changes, drone operators can effectively prioritize the safety of their flights.

Uncontrolled Airspace

Uncontrolled airspace is a term used to describe areas in Canadian airspace where pilots are not required to obtain air traffic control clearance prior to entering. This type of uncontrolled airspace includes both Class F and G.

In order to ensure the safety of other aircraft, it is important for drone pilots operating in Canada's uncontrolled airspace to abide by all applicable rules and regulations set out by Transport Canada, including flying at or below 400 feet above ground level (AGL) and staying away from airports or military bases.

Additionally, drones must remain within visual line-of-sight of the pilot at all times while operating in uncontrolled Canadian airspace.

Controlled Airspace

Canadian controlled airspace refers to designated areas where air traffic control (ATC) services are provided to manage and separate aircraft operations.

Controlled airspace includes Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace, which have different levels of restrictions and requirements for entry and operations.

These airspace classes are defined based on factors such as traffic volume, complexity, and proximity to airports.

Pilots flying in controlled airspace must adhere to specific flight regulations, obtain necessary clearances, and communicate with ATC for guidance and coordination.

Controlled airspace ensures the safe and efficient flow of air traffic, minimizing the risk of conflicts and enhancing overall aviation safety.

Flight Information Regions

For drone pilots operating in Canada, understanding the different types of Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and their associated regulations is essential for ensuring safe flight operations while avoiding potential fines or other legal repercussions.

By familiarizing themselves with this information, drone operators can better prepare themselves for their flights and ensure an enjoyable experience overall.

The Canadian airspace is divided into FIRs that are managed by air traffic control services. These FIRs can be classified as either controlled or uncontrolled depending on whether a pilot needs to obtain clearance from air traffic or control tower before entering the airspace.

Controlled airspace includes areas where there are certain restrictions on who can fly, such as airports and military bases, whereas uncontrolled airspace exists and may require special permission from local authorities but does not necessarily need clearance from air traffic control before entering.

It's important to understand which type of region you're planning on flying in so that you know which rules apply when operating your drone within it.

The Canadian Airspace Viewer provides a visual representation of these different types of regions across Canada, allowing pilots to easily identify which ones they'll be flying over during their flights.

This will help them determine if they need any additional permissions or clearances from the local authorities before flying.

Additionally, it's important to note that certain types of airspace may be temporarily closed due to special events or other activities taking place in those areas.

Airspace Classification Overview

In Canada, the airspace is classified into several categories based on factors such as altitude, location, and level of air traffic control. The airspace classifications in Canada are as follows:

Class A Airspace: This is controlled airspace that extends from 18,000 feet above mean sea level (MSL) up to and including flight level (FL) 600. It is primarily used for high-altitude commercial air traffic and is under the jurisdiction of Air Traffic Control (ATC).

Class B Airspace: This is controlled airspace surrounding major airports with high levels of commercial air traffic. Class B airspace is established to protect the flow of air traffic services, and ensure separation between aircraft. It usually extends from the surface up to a specified altitude.

Class C Airspace: This is a low level controlled airspace, surrounding airports with moderate levels of commercial air traffic. Class C airspace provides a low level controlled airspace environment for aircraft operating in and out of the airport. It typically extends from the surface up to a specified altitude.

Class D Airspace: This is controlled airspace surrounding smaller airports and aerodromes with lower levels of air traffic. Class D airspace is established to provide separation and control services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of the airport. It usually extends from the surface up to a specified altitude.

Class E Airspace: This is controlled airspace that includes various segments not classified as Class A, B, C, or D airspace. Class E airspace is designated to accommodate specific air traffic needs, such as instrument flight rules (IFR) operations or airways. It can vary in altitude, and the specific boundaries of specifically defined airspace are determined based on the needs of air traffic control.

Class F Airspace: This is a special-use airspace category that includes restricted airspace and advisory airspace. Class F airspace exists and is used for specific purposes such as military training, parachute operations, or wildlife areas. It is important to consult the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) or other resources to obtain specific information about Class F airspace in a particular area.

Class G Airspace: This is uncontrolled airspace that is not designated as any of the above classes. Class G airspace is typically found in rural or remote areas where there is minimal air traffic control. It extends from the surface up to either the base of Class E airspace or the overlying controlled airspace.

Class A Airspace Canada

What is Class A airspace in Canada?

Class A airspace in Canada is the highest level of controlled airspace, designed to accommodate high-altitude commercial air traffic.

It extends from a specified altitude above mean sea level and is primarily used for instrument flight rules (IFR) operations. Class A airspace is typically found above FL180 (Flight Level 180) and is intended to provide separation and guidance for aircraft operating under IFR.

In Class A airspace, all aircraft are subject to air traffic control (ATC) services and must adhere to strict IFR procedures, including mandatory communication with ATC and adherence to assigned altitudes and routes.

This airspace of control zones is designed to ensure the safe and efficient flow of commercial air traffic, with ATC actively monitoring and coordinating the movement of aircraft within the control zones in this controlled environment.

For drone pilots, operating in Class A airspace is generally prohibited unless specific authorization is obtained from the appropriate authorities, as drones are typically limited to operating within lower airspace classifications.

It is important for drone pilots to understand the boundaries and requirements of Class A airspace to ensure compliance with regulations and maintain the safety of manned aviation operations.

What is the difference between Class A and B airspace?

The key differences between Class A and Class B airspace lie in their purpose, altitude range, and level of control.

Class A airspace is for high-altitude IFR operations and requires positive ATC control, while Class B airspace is specifically defined airspace designated around busy airports and requires clearance for entry, with multiple layers and specific requirements for aircraft operating within its boundaries.

What flies in Class A airspace?

Class A airspace is primarily utilized by commercial airliners and other high-performance aircraft that operate under instrument flight rules (IFR).

These aircraft include scheduled passenger airlines, cargo carriers, business jets, and long-range international flights.

Class A airspace is designed to accommodate high-altitude traffic, typically starting at FL180 (Flight Level 180) and extending upward.

Due to the stringent requirements and equipment necessary to operate in Class A airspace, it is predominantly occupied by manned aircraft with trained pilots who adhere to IFR procedures.

These aircraft rely on air traffic control (ATC) services to maintain safe separation and receive instructions for their flights.

The controlled and organized nature of Class A airspace allows for efficient traffic management and ensures the safety and smooth flow of high-altitude air traffic.

Class B Airspace Canada

What is considered Class B airspace?

Class B airspace is a controlled airspace classification that surrounds the busiest airports and areas of high air traffic.

It is designed to provide protection and separation for arriving and departing aircraft within the vicinity of major airports.

Class B airspace is shaped like an upside-down wedding cake, with multiple layers and increasing levels of restrictions as you move closer to the airport.

The specific dimensions and boundaries of Class B airspace vary depending on the airport, but typically extend from the surface up to a certain altitude, creating a three-dimensional structure.

The purpose of Class B airspace is to ensure safe and efficient operations by managing the flow of air traffic in and out of busy airports.

Pilots operating within Class B airspace must obtain clearance from air traffic control (ATC) before entering the control zone.

They are also required to follow specific procedures and meet certain equipment requirements, such as having a transponder and radio communication capabilities.

Controllers use various techniques, such as radar, to monitor and manage the traffic within Class B airspace, providing instructions to pilots to maintain separation and ensure safety.

Class B airspace is characterized by a higher level of control and coordination compared to other airspace classes.

Its primary users are commercial airlines, business jets, and other aircraft operating in and out of major airports with significant passenger or cargo traffic.

Can drone pilots enter Class B airspace?

In Canada, drone pilots generally cannot enter Class B airspace without explicit authorization from the appropriate air traffic control (ATC) authority.

Similar to other countries, Class B airspace in Canada is highly regulated and primarily designated for manned aircraft operations in the vicinity of major airports and areas of high air traffic.

Drone operations within Class B airspace are subject to strict restrictions to ensure the safety of manned aviation. Drone pilots must obtain special permission or waivers from the relevant ATC facility or authority responsible for the airspace.

The specific process for obtaining authorization may vary, but it typically involves submitting a request and receiving clearance before flying a drone in Class B airspace.

Drone pilots in Canada should consult official sources, such as Transport Canada's guidelines and aeronautical charts, to understand the airspace classifications and obtain the necessary authorizations or permits before operating a drone in or near Class B airspace.

It is crucial to prioritize safety, comply with regulations, and respect the restrictions and requirements set forth by the authorities to maintain the integrity of manned aviation operations.

How do you identify Class B airspace?

Class B airspace can be identified using various resources and references, including aeronautical charts and airspace information publications. Here are some common methods to identify Class B airspace:

Aeronautical Charts: Official aeronautical charts, such as the VFR sectional charts or IFR enroute charts, depict different airspace classifications, including Class B airspace. Class B airspace is typically represented by solid blue lines on these charts. By examining the charts, you can identify the specific boundaries and dimensions of Class B airspace in the area of interest.

Airspace Information Publications: Airspace information publications, such as the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) or Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), provide detailed information about airspace classifications, including Class B airspace. These publications contain descriptions, coordinates, and additional details about the airspace, allowing you to identify Class B airspace in a specific region.

Online Resources: Various online tools and resources, including official aviation websites, may provide interactive maps or databases that display airspace classifications. These tools often allow you to search for specific locations and visualize the different airspace classes, including Class B airspace.

It is important for pilots and drone operators to consult reliable and up-to-date sources, such as official aviation publications and resources, to accurately identify and understand the airspace classifications in their intended operating areas. Additionally, staying informed about any temporary changes or NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) related to airspace is essential to ensure compliance with airspace regulations and maintain flight safety.

Class C Airspace Canada

What is considered Class C airspace?

Class C airspace is a high level controlled airspace classification designated around airports with a moderate to high level controlled airspace of commercial and general aviation activity.

It is designed to provide a balance between the operational needs of aircraft within the airspace and the requirements for maintaining separation and safety.

The dimensions and specific requirements of Class C airspace vary depending on the destination airport, but generally, it extends from the surface to a specified altitude and has a cylindrical shape.

The dimensions of the airspace are determined based on factors such as airport traffic patterns, traffic volume, and the complexity of the surrounding airspace.

Operating within Class C airspace requires two key elements:

Communication: Pilots must establish two-way radio communication with air traffic control (ATC) before entering Class C airspace. They must continuously monitor the appropriate ATC frequency and respond to any instructions or clearances provided by the controller.

Transponder: Aircraft operating within Class C airspace must have an operable Mode C transponder. The transponder allows ATC to receive altitude information from the aircraft, aiding in traffic separation and surveillance.

Does Class C airspace require clearance?

Yes, operating within Class C airspace requires two-way communication and clearance from air traffic control (ATC) before entry.

Pilots must establish radio communication with the appropriate ATC facility responsible for the designated Class C airspace and receive explicit clearance before entering the airspace.

Class D Airspace Canada

What is considered Class D airspace?

Class D airspace is a controlled airspace classification designated around airports with moderate levels of air traffic.

It is typically located below Class C airspace and is designed to provide separation between instrument flight rules (IFR) and visual flight rules (VFR) that restrict air traffic above.

Class D airspace extends from the surface to a specified altitude and has a cylindrical shape, with its dimensions determined based on factors such as airport traffic patterns, traffic volume, and the complexity of the surrounding airspace.

Who can fly in Class D airspace?

Class D airspace is open to both IFR (instrument flight rules) and VFR (visual flight rules) aircraft.

However, there are certain requirements and procedures that pilots must adhere to when operating within Class D airspace.

Pilots flying under IFR must obtain an IFR clearance from air traffic control (ATC) before entering Class D airspace.

This clearance includes specific routing and altitude instructions to ensure separation from other aircraft.

Pilots operating under VFR are not required to obtain clearance before entering Class D airspace associated control zones.

However, they must establish two-way radio communication with the appropriate ATC facility prior to entry.

Once in communication, pilots must comply with any instructions or clearances given by ATC.

While Class D airspace is accessible to both IFR and VFR aircraft, it is important for pilots to maintain situational awareness, communicate effectively with ATC, and follow any instructions or restrictions provided.

This helps ensure the safe and orderly flow of air traffic within the airspace and minimizes the risk of conflicts between aircraft.

Class E airspace Canada

What is Class E airspace in Canada?

In Canada, Class E airspace is a controlled airspace classification or class e control zones that encompasses areas where controlled airspace is required but does not meet the criteria for other designated airspace classes.

It is typically used to accommodate controlled air traffic advisory service that operates outside of other controlled airspace classes such as Class A, B, C, or D.

Class E airspace extends from either the surface or a designated altitude upwards to a specified upper limit.

The dimensions of Class E airspace can vary depending on the specific requirements of the airspace and surrounding airspace structures.

Within Class E airspace, both IFR (instrument flight rules) and VFR (visual flight rules) operations are permitted.

However, pilots operating under IFR must comply with instrument flight procedures and obtain proper clearances from air traffic control (ATC).

VFR aircraft pilots operating in Class E airspace are not required to obtain specific clearances but must adhere to the applicable VFR flight rules and maintain communication with ATC when requested.

It is important for pilots to consult the appropriate aeronautical charts and publications, such as the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) and Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), to obtain the necessary information regarding specific Class E airspace areas and any associated requirements or restrictions.

What is Class F airspace in Canada?

In Canada, Class F airspace is a special use airspace classification. It is designated for specific activities or operations that require separation from other airspace users.

Class F airspace is further divided into three subcategories: CYR (Restricted), CYD (Danger), and CYA (Advisory).

CYR (Restricted) Areas: CYR areas are established for activities that could be hazardous to aircraft. Access to CYR airspace is restricted, and aircraft need permission from the appropriate controlling authority to enter. These areas are often used for military operations, aerial demonstrations, flight training, or other specialized activities.

CYD (Danger) Areas: CYD areas are typically located over international waters and are associated with activities or hazards that pose a danger to aircraft. Similar to CYR areas, access to CYD airspace requires permission from the controlling authority.

CYA (Advisory) Areas: CYA areas are advisory in nature and provide information about activities occurring within the airspace. Pilots are not required to obtain permission to enter CYA airspace but are encouraged to exercise caution and avoid the area unless participating in the specific activity mentioned.

It is crucial to consult official sources, such as the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) and Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), to obtain accurate and up-to-date information on Class F airspace and its associated restrictions.

The types of activities in CYA airspace are further identified by letters:

A: Aerobatics

F: Aircraft testing

H: Hang gliding

M: Military

P: Parachuting

S: Soaring

T: Training

Drone pilots should be aware of the presence of Class F airspace and understand that entry into CYR or CYD areas requires permission from the controlling authority.

Runway Touchdown Zones

The Runway Touchdown Zone refers to the specific portion of a runway where an aircraft's wheels initially make contact with the ground during landing.

It is a critical area of the runway and is typically marked by designated touchdown zone markings, such as a series of parallel bars or stripes.

The touchdown zone is important for pilots as it serves as a visual reference point for their approach and landing.

It helps pilots gauge their descent rate, aim for a precise touchdown point, and ensure that the aircraft lands within the available runway length.

Proper understanding and adherence to touchdown zone markings are crucial for safe and efficient landings at airports and contribute to overall runway safety.

Airport Elevation

Airport elevation refers to the height above sea level at which an airport's main reference point, typically the highest point of the usable runway, is located. It is commonly measured in feet or meters. The airport elevation is an important piece of information for pilots and air traffic control as it helps determine the aircraft's performance and provides a reference point for altitude calculations during takeoff, landing, and navigation.

Canadian Airspace Viewer

The Canadian Airspace Viewer is a convenient online tool that provides access to airspace information; however, it is important to note that it should not be used for air navigation purposes.

The information contained in the Airspace Viewer web pages is not official and should under no circumstances be used for navigation.

To obtain accurate and official information on airspace, it is essential to refer to the current version of aeronautical charts published by Nav Canada.

These charts provide the necessary legal information and details for airspace classification, restrictions, and navigation.

Therefore, drone pilots and aviation enthusiasts are advised to use the Airspace Viewer as a supplementary resource and always cross-reference with official aeronautical publications for reliable and up-to-date information.

Mandatory Frequency Airports

Mandatory Frequency (MF) airports, also known as Mandatory Broadcast (MB) airports or Unicom airports, have significance for drone pilots as well.

These small airports or aerodromes in Canada do not have air traffic control services, and communication between pilots, including drone pilots, operating control tower is facilitated through a designated mandatory frequency.

As a drone pilot operating in the vicinity of an MF airport, it is important to be aware of the mandatory frequency and actively monitor it to gather information about other aircraft flying in the area.

By listening to the mandatory frequency, drone pilots can stay informed about the presence and intentions of manned aircraft, enhancing situational awareness and safety.

Drone pilots should be mindful of the recommended traffic patterns and standard operating practices specific to controlled airports and to the MF airport they are near. Understanding and adhering to these procedures will help ensure safe and harmonious operations with other aircraft in the area.

Although MF airports lack air traffic control services, drone pilots should exercise caution, maintain vigilance, and use good judgment to ensure the safety of their drone flights.

Northern/Southern Domestic Airspace

Operating in Canada's Northern and Southern Domestic Airspace presents distinct challenges for drone pilots.

In the Northern Domestic Airspace, remote and harsh conditions require careful planning, rugged equipment, and adherence to specific regulations.

Sparse population and limited infrastructure necessitate adapting operations to the unique terrain and climate.

Conversely, the Southern Domestic Airspace involves bustling cities, restricted airspace, and higher air traffic, demanding heightened situational awareness and compliance with stricter regulations.

Understanding the specific characteristics and regulations of each airspace is crucial for safe and responsible drone operations. Adapting flight plans and procedures to these unique environments ensures the success and safety of drone missions.

NAV Canada Approval

Basic Operations

Basic Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) pilots in Canada are not permitted to fly in controlled airspace without specific authorization. Controlled airspace is designated airspace where air traffic control (ATC) services are provided to ensure the safe and efficient flow of manned aircraft.

Basic RPAS pilots are limited to flying in uncontrolled airspace, which typically includes areas away from designated airports, and higher-density air traffic.

To fly in controlled airspace, basic RPAS pilots would need to upgrade their pilot certificate to an Advanced RPAS Pilot Certificate and obtain necessary approvals from NAV CANADA and Transport Canada.

The Advanced RPAS Pilot Certificate allows for operations in controlled airspace, subject to additional requirements and restrictions, such as obtaining specific clearances from ATC and complying with airspace regulations.

It is important for RPAS pilots to be aware of the airspace classifications and regulations in their region and to adhere to the appropriate requirements to ensure safe and legal drone operations.

Advanced Operations

It is important for RPAS pilots to be aware of the airspace classifications and regulations in their region and to adhere to the appropriate requirements to ensure safe and legal drone operations.

Operational & Emergency Equipment Requirements

Operational and emergency equipment requirements for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) pilots refer to the specific equipment that should be onboard a drone to ensure safe and compliant operations.

These requirements aim to enhance the safety of RPAS operations and mitigate potential risks or emergencies that may arise during flights. Some key operational and emergency equipment requirements for RPAS pilots include:

Remote Pilot Station (RPS): The RPS is the ground-based control station from which the RPAS is operated. It should be equipped with reliable and functional communication systems, control interfaces, and displays to maintain proper command and control of the drone.

Flight Control System: RPAS should have a robust flight control system that enables stable and controlled flight. This includes features such as GPS navigation, altitude control, and autonomous flight modes (if applicable).

Navigation Lights: Drones intended for operations during twilight or nighttime hours should be equipped with navigation lights. These lights help enhance visibility and allow other aircraft and observers to easily identify the drone's position and orientation.

Anti-Collision Lights: Anti-collision lights, such as strobe lights, are recommended for RPAS operating in airspace where there is a higher risk of encounters with other aircraft. These lights improve visibility and aid in the early detection of the drone by other pilots and air traffic control.

Emergency Locator Beacon: In some cases, RPAS may be required to carry an emergency locator beacon (ELB) to assist in locating the drone in case of a malfunction or lost link situation. ELBs emit distress signals that can aid in recovery efforts.

Parachute or Recovery System (optional): Depending on the specific operation or regulatory requirements, RPAS may be equipped with a parachute or recovery system. These systems are designed to minimize the impact or damage in the event of a catastrophic failure during flight.

It is important for RPAS pilots to be aware of the specific operational and emergency equipment requirements outlined by the applicable regulatory authority in their region. Adhering to these requirements ensures safe and compliant operations and helps maintain the integrity of the airspace system.

Final Authority Of The Pilot In Command

The pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft has the ultimate responsibility and authority for the safety and operation of the flight.

The PIC has the final say in all decisions related to the aircraft's operation, including the safety of the flight, adherence to regulations, and any necessary deviations or emergency procedures.

This authority is based on the PIC's training, experience, and knowledge, and is crucial for maintaining safe and efficient operations.

The PIC's decisions are binding, and other crew members and personnel involved in the flight must respect and follow the PIC's instructions.

Craig Holland